Figurative language is the term given for any use of non-literal language such as images and comparisons in speech. It is language that does not mean precisely what is said, but rather makes inference by any of a number of tools in order to get a point across, or to render an image within the readers mind. The human ability to reference the experience of his world through the use of these tools of language is one of the most enlightening aspects of communication, and an integral part of the art of the written word. It is especially common in poetry and prose and therefore deserves a closer introspection by anyone who aspires to be a poet or who simply enjoys reading poetry.

There are literally hundreds of terms for different forms of figures of speech. What follows here is an introduction to some of the more common ones utilized for dramatic effect in poetry, and the definitions of each as well as examples of them in poetic usage.

Apostrophe - Addressing someone or something that is dead, absent, mythological or non-human that is not present.

Examples: Frost, Mending Wall, in which he says to the stones, "Stay where you are, at least until our backs are turned."

Metonymy - A figure of speech that utilizes the idea of something related to the thing that is meant.

Examples: "I must comfort the weaker vessel, as doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." - As You Like It, 2.4.6

Simile - A figure of speech in which a direct comparison is made using a secific transition word such as 'like', 'as', 'resembles', 'seems'.

If making a mental differentiation between simile and metaphor is difficult for you, remember that for it to be a simile, it must contain the comparative word. Else, it's metaphor.

Example: Robert Burns, "My Love is like a red, red, rose."

Others: Smooth as silk. Quick as lightning. Gentle as a dove.

Metaphor - A figure of speech in which a comparison is inferred without directly using a term of transition.

Examples: Saying "My love is a red, red rose."

Others: She's a butterfly. It was a trip through hell.

"Poor broken glass, I often did behold/ In thy sweet semblance my old age new born."- The Rape of Lucrece,1758-59

Antithesis - Reptition of clauses or presenting an idea by negating it.

Example: "A bliss in proof; and prov'd, a very woe;/ Before, a joy propos'd; behind a dream." - Shakespeare Sonnets, 129

Paradox - A figure of speech that seems to contradict itself, but in the end shows itself to be true.

Example: Alexander Pope, "A little learning is a dangerous thing."

Others: "For what the waves could never wash away/ This proper youth has wasted in a day." - The Arte of English Poesie, 226