Guest Author - Denise Howard, M.D., M.P.H.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that has been around for centuries. It is caused by the spirochete, Treponema pallidum. It is transmitted sexually and the transmitting partner maybe completely asymptomatic. This infection if untreated progresses to more severe infection.

The initial infection presents with a genital sore called a chancre which is the site of entry of the spirochete through the skin. If untreated the skin lesion resolves in 3-6 weeks. The second stage is called secondary syphilis and occurs when the infection gets into the bloodstream. Symptoms include a skin rash, swollen lymph nodes and fever. This stage last for 2-6 weeks and will also resolves on its own. The latent phase then occurs when there is no evidence of the infection. The organism is however reproducing and transmission of the infection is possible. If untreated 1/3 of individuals will develop the tertiary stage which involves infection of the nervous, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems. Meningitis, heart disease, paralysis, and death can result.

Hepatitis B and C viral infections can be transmitted sexually and through blood transmission. The blood transmission can be from a blood transfusion or sharing of needles with illicit drug use. They can also be transmitted to the fetus during pregnancy if the mother is infected. These viruses infected the liver and can cause hepatitis. A large percentage of individuals will clear this infection on their own. Some will go on to develop chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and death. A small percentage of those infected are asymptomatic carriers, capable of transmitting the infection but are without any symptoms of the disease. Liver cancer is another consequence. There isn’t a specific treatment for hepatitis. There is a vaccination that is effective for the prevention of Hepatitis B and it is currently a part of routine childhood immunizations.

HIV is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency virus. It is transmitted sexually and through blood transmission similar to hepatitis. It can easily be transmitted from a man to a woman. This virus infections the blood cells that are important in fighting off infections. Once these immune fighting cells are destroyed the body is without defense and is extremely susceptible to many infections. Death typically occurs from some type of fulminant infection.

The use of condoms can not be overstated. This is the most important step in preventing these infections. Be selective in choosing your sexual partner. You should consider being tested and having any potential partner be tested prior to initiating sexual activity.