Since the close of the first World War, five major components have made up the spine and the heart of Middle Eastern politics. They include religion, European imperialism, oil, desire for Islamic purity, and the nature and power of the jihad.

Looking closely at the Cluniac reform and the ideas that St. Augustine promoted, it seems that the reform by the Cluny order was neither a reflection nor a contradiction of St. Augustine.

When one thinks of torture, images of the rack and other dungeon torture pieces of equipment come to mind. Those instruments were used, but plain old beatings have out lasted all modes of torture down through the years.

While Middle Eastern papers are not as vocal about the abuse of the Egyptian women during and after the revolution, they are not completely ignoring the problem either.

The great Roman Empire was large and intricate. As Christianity grew, church officials taking over the administration of areas of the Empire helped to cripple the awe-inspiring civilization and took Christianity from a matter of the soul to that of running nations.

Many torture methods make you cringe. Others can make you sick. Then there are those that almost make you laugh and wish they were used today. Almost…. The Brank is one such device.

Both American and Middle Eastern papers reported the surge of women’s involvement in the Egyptian revolution.

As Pope Urban II called for troops to initiate the First Crusade, the chivalric ideal was at the heart of many who stepped forward. What truly happened during the military/religious operation was a mixture of chivalry and madness.

History is fully of examples of torture used for political, religious, and personal reasons. It is meant to inflict pain and terror. There are hundreds of ways a person can be tortured with each one of them highly effective. One method of torture used in history was abacination.

In early 2011, Egypt found itself in the midst of a revolutionary change. The steps women took in the Egyptian revolution and the months following could be a contentious tsunami that would sweep across the Arab world at a very high price forcing the status of women to come into question.