Guest Author - Elizabeth Bissette
Mesopotamia is the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Assyria was the northern part of the area. Major cities were Asshur, Calah, Zab, a city built (c.1280 B.C.), Nineveh, one of the most ancient cities of Assyria, Dur-Sharrukin, or Dur-Sargon, Arhailu, or Arbela, Nasibina, or Nisibis, Harran, Ingur-Bel, and Tarbis.
The southern region was Sumer, whose primary cities included Ur, Uruk, and Eridu. Akkad was a region north of Sumer which included Babylon, Kish, and Nippur.
Mesopotamia was made up of individual city-states and eventually Sumer and Akkad were united uder Sargon(2371-16 BCE). The Hurrians, the Hittites, and other invaders, along with civil war, eventually caused his descendants to lose the kingdom. Sumer again rose, dominated by the city-state Ur. It eventually fell to the Amorites around 2000 BCE. The Amorites established many sub- kingdoms including Assyria and Babylon.
Assyria dominated under Shamshi-Adad (1813-1781 BCE) but was soon superseded by Babylon under Hammurapi (Hammurabi) (1792-50 BCE). The first Babylonian dynasty had begun in 1894 BCE. It collapsed in 1595 BCE when the Hittites invaded.
Assyria, taken over by the Mitanni (a Hurrian speaking kingdom), established its independence in the 14th century BCE. It collapsed from invaders with Nineveh in 612 BCE.
Nabopalasar began the Chaldean dynasty in Babylon in 625 BCE. This is known as the Neo-Babylonian period. Under Nabopalasar's son Nebuchadnezzar II, Babylon expanded west, taking Jerusalem in 586 BCE. Babylon fell in the mid-540's to Cyrus of Persia and his empire lasted until the 300's BCE when Alexander the Great conquered the area.
ASSYRIAN
Adad
Weather God, God of storms, creater and destroyer, God of Heaven, God of oracles and divination. The number six, the lion and the bull were sacred to him and his symbol was the cypress.
Ashur
National God, God of War, later supplanted Marduk and Enlil.
Atrahasis
Only survivor, (with his family), of the flood that destroyed mankind.
Bel
"Master", applied to Enlil and Marduk.
Lamassu
Protective spirits in the form of winged bulls with a human head. Carved around the throne of Sargon with 5 legs, (so that it looked like they were walking).
Mah
Earth Goddess.
Mutu
God of Underworld.
Pazuzu
Demon king of the evil wind who protects humans from plague and evil. He has a scorpion body with the wings, feet and claws like an eagle, with a head featuring lion faces on the front and back.
Sulmanu
God of war and the Underworld.
