Since the close of the first World War, five major components have made up the spine and the heart of Middle Eastern politics. They include religion, European imperialism, oil, desire for Islamic purity, and the nature and power of the jihad.

Looking closely at the Cluniac reform and the ideas that St. Augustine promoted, it seems that the reform by the Cluny order was neither a reflection nor a contradiction of St. Augustine.

When one thinks of torture, images of the rack and other dungeon torture pieces of equipment come to mind. Those instruments were used, but plain old beatings have out lasted all modes of torture down through the years.

While Middle Eastern papers are not as vocal about the abuse of the Egyptian women during and after the revolution, they are not completely ignoring the problem either.